on Nineteenth-Century American Literature and the Discourse of Natural History

Rachael DeWitt (RD): Where did the project begin and what was the transformation process from dissertation to book?

Juliana Chow (JC): I fell into studying 19th century American literature, and was initially drawn to Regionalism for its interest in place and in peoples, and because I could see a connection between 19th century Regionalist literature and what we later might call ethnic literatures in the 20th and 21st centuries. And so as someone who had originally come into my graduate school program thinking that I was going to do Asian American literature and maybe something with environmental literature, who accidentally fell into 19th century American literature, I kept that thread of my interest through Regionalism.

It was only in the process of writing the dissertation that I realized that I was taken by how the Regionalist literature I was looking at was connected to natural history. Writing about, say, Gertrude Stein, who I wanted to call a Regionalist, and thinking about her in relation to photographic time studies of a horse, turned me towards thinking more deeply about 19th century engagements with natural history in a place-based way. It wasn't until after I had left graduate school and was teaching in St. Louis that the circumstances of our contemporary moment kept pushing me to think about not just natural history generally, but concepts of species and race in the 19th century more specifically. That began to sharpen the focus of what I was looking at in the texts and the writers that I was interested in from the 1840s and 50s and 60s. It was only through what felt like happenstance that I turned my focus of study towards biogeography in the 19th century–thinking about not just biogeographical concepts of dispersal that are also racial concepts of diaspora. Even though it feels like it all makes sense, it happened in a very meandering and unplanned way.

Tori McCandless (TM): As we think about Regionalism and how it's influenced your project, I’m curious about the link between Regionalism’s visuality and your focus on optics. Regionalism is often likened to the gaze from the train window–the touristic, even colonial, gaze–and you think about this alongside environmental optics, and other terms such as diminishment or disjunct specificity. How does your focus on optics and visuality intersect with 19th century poetic and scientific discourse?

JC: I think what you're getting at is the ways in which visual observation and optics are dominant in how our senses and our sensing of the world has been thought. There have been some new and exciting critical studies that investigate other senses to turn away from the ways in which optics have colonized how we engage with the world. So why go back to optics? That's a good question to ask, and part of it is personal because I’ve always been interested in visuality and that’s just what draws my attention. I like to use it in my teaching, too, to ask my students to close read them, and I find that it's just a very open and inviting way to bring students in.

But I think the reason why I ended up working on optics for this particular study was that–in returning to thinking about biogeography or geography in the 19th century– visuality was the primary mode of natural history, perhaps because even though there were field observers, they were collecting specimen to send to scientists at imperial centers who had to rely on preserved specimen. And a lot of the theoretical approaches that I was inspired by approached the critique of objectivity through optics. So I think that's why I ended up looking at visuality and why it remained a strong undercurrent in the book.

RD: How is your central concept of diminishment different from the “partial perspectives” articulated by feminist STS scholars?

JC: To go back to Haraway’s revision of objectivity–she reminds us that our perceptions are embodied, situated, limited, and partial. So I think one of the ways in which critics (whether they're literary critics or other kinds of theorists) have worked off of Haraway’s critique of objectivity has been to contribute other histories–to provide those histories of other peoples. Science studies scholars like Bruno Latour and Karen Barad are in that vein of trying to describe human and non-human entanglements. On the one hand, that was part of this project. But on the other hand, I guess I doubted the ability of the critic to give that kind of synoptic view. And there’s a lot of New Materialist theorization of different kinds of somatic relationships between humans and non-humans that forgets that even if we can acknowledge or describe these relationships, they are not as equal as one would like to imagine them being–merely recognizing that there are non-humans doesn’t necessarily give them more agency. 

Part of what I was trying to articulate in this version of partial ecology was that difference–that as a critic I couldn’t necessarily say that I could describe everything, and also that the various nonhumans within this story were not suddenly accorded agency once they were described, or even when they were able to write the story for themselves. That was the kind of intervention that I was imagining in my book–I had hoped to name the book Diminishment to give an indication of the differences in thinking about natural history and its unevenness for the writers that I look at.

RD: I found diminishment a very helpful concept because it specifically names an unevenness within ecology and natural history which agency doesn’t fully capture.

JC: I think one of the things that partiality led me to do was to pay more attention to relationships that aren't strong. To fragile relations and ones that, rather than insisting on a kind of consequential or cause-and-effect relationship, are weaker correlations. To how those can still be crucial ecological relations. This all sounds very abstract, but I can give a more concrete example. It was the 100 year anniversary of the extinction of the passenger pigeon, way back when I was in graduate school, and there was a lot of writing about the passenger pigeon’s great decline during the 19th century and I happened upon an Audubon Magazine essay quoting from a Potawatomi writer named Simon Pokagon who wrote an essay in 1895 about the passenger pigeon. Pokagon is a really fascinating person and one of the things that made him controversial for the Potawatomi people was that he was for a modernization of the Native American and for boarding schools. And so, thinking about the legacy of genocide and death from those institutions, people asked, how should we approach Pokagon now? And one way is through the language of the vanishing Indian that he included in his writing, which can be connected to strong or weak forms of relation. Taken in a strong form, the vanishing passenger pigeon is a metaphor for the vanishing Indian and the equivalency or making the same of Indian and pigeon spells the end of Pokagon’s people. But you can read it as a weak form if you think of those relationships as partial relationships, that is, ecological relationships that are situational, fragile, and malleable. Then Pokagon appears interested in the passenger pigeon not as a metaphor of his people but as a neighbor, as a common inhabitant in the very places he knows. His connection to the pigeon is as a common inhabitant and as a neighbor and as someone who's trying to understand their language. So, on the one hand, his descriptions of the vanishing pigeon and the vanishing Indian articulate a strong metaphorical and ecological relationship. But, on the other hand, it is a partial relationship that is open to transformation in the same way that translation requires a kind of transformation in order to become intelligible for two speakers. So that's hopefully a more concrete example of what partial ecology might be.

TM: I really appreciate how you think about the relays between literary aesthetics and discourses of natural history. I'm especially interested in how you map the links between Emily Dickinson's “poetic, empirical observations” and Asa Gray and Darwin's theories of species variability and differentiation, to define your term “disjunct specificity.” There’s that great example of how a robin in Dickinson’s poem turns into another species of robin as it moves from England to New England, and into and out of the text of the poem. You liken this to how Gray and Darwin were conceptualizing how species are just stable variations in motion. 

How did you come to think about the connections between literary aesthetics and definitions of species or, more generally, how poetic models of observation parallel or map on to scientific methods of observation?

JC: Well, this is another example of the ways in which a project that you work on changes over the course of time. I actually published an early version of that chapter as an article that was more about Regionalism. And then when I was revising and continuing to work on it for the book, I ended up learning more about Asa Gray rather than merely how he was thinking about Darwin. If one were to look at that article and then read this chapter, you would think, wow, she’s reading the same texts and making the same observations but making an argument about something very different.

But I can give a description of the development of my thinking on Dickinson, Gray and Darwin from Regionalism to disjuncture. At first I was trying to contextualize Dickinson's regionalist thinking on species in her poetry by linking to specific texts that she had available to her, which were Asa Gray's Atlantic Monthly reviews of Darwin's work. But then I read about Gray’s own studies of disjunct species in which he was looking at data of plant species in North America and then comparing that to specimens he received from Japan and realizing, you know, these species are very similar! Like in some cases they might even be the same ones. How is it possible that they're in Japan and in North America? In trying to answer that question, he got closer to Darwin who he was already in correspondence with. The answer that he started to develop was that disjunct species are species which started somewhere and then as individuals diverged and dispersed and ended up as species in different places where they branched out from each other. Whereas if you have a concept of species as being bound to their geographical locations and not diverging and not changing or transforming in any way, then you have Louis Agassiz’s theory of special creation. So that sort of understanding of species is possible because they actually understood species as a metaphor or placeholder for variable and changeable traveling individuals.  That kind of latitude with species is also what allowed Dickinson to think about the robin as diverging into both a New England robin and a British robin, precisely because species as a metaphor holds a kind of disjuncture within itself–of comparing and holding differences. 

I was particularly interested in showcasing the metaphorical structure of the disjunct species because it became so crucial to scientific thinking. I think there's been a lot written about analogy and how useful it was for scientific thinking, but there hasn't been as much about metaphor.

RD: One thing you stress is how natural history, ecology, and biogeography emerged through really localized sets of knowledge. But they also tend toward a synoptic gaze. So is partiality inherent to all natural history? Or is partiality something that only certain thinkers remain sensitive to?

JC: I think it is the latter--something that depends on the vantage of the biogeographer, you might say. Depending on the biogeographer, there could be a synoptic holist version in which one is taking and aggregating data from all around the world and trying to give a systems view of something. Or a biogeographer could be more interested in tracking the particular pathway of something moving across the world. What I found interesting was that, at the very moment in the 19th century when biogeography expanded into this unifying discipline, it was also embedded within this other vantage point and empirical methodology. I wouldn't say that it's something that is just in biogeography so much as dependent on the orientation or the advantage that, one takes within that field.

TM: Do you see diminishment, partial ecologies, and disjunct specificity play a role in how you relate to the ecological world? Have you found these terms to be transferable to the ways in which we relate to the more-than-human?

JC: There are many ways I could explain how I came to this project, but one is my personal investment in it. Part of the difficulty in my own journey with this book has been that I didn't know how to bring together who I was with the materials that I was looking at. I was actually reading something recently and maybe I'll just read that here. It’s Leila Nadir’s piece in ASAP on ruderal ecologies when she describes her half Afghani identity and her position in the environmental humanities:

These two sides of my life rarely touch. Perhaps I’ve been purposefully, unconsciously protecting them from each other—not an uncommon experience, I believe, for those of us whose personal lives and professional survival speak different languages, or for those of us whose most intimate, familial, ethnic experiences are not reflected in the disciplining whiteness of our national culture. I kept my two worlds and my two practices separate. I didn’t have a clear narrative to articulate their connection, to synthesize my two souls. 

That moment really spoke to me as someone who spent graduate school and the first part of my academic career feeling like I was in two worlds, academia and working on this book, on one hand, and then also me, however I want to describe it–Chinese American girl who grew up in the Bay Area of California and finds herself in academia… So I think what the book eventually became was a way of getting these two sides to speak a little bit. I wouldn't say that they made it, necessarily, but it was an attempt to do that. And, I think partial ecology expresses my own sense of who I am and my own perspective or vantage–trying to trace what kind of ecology might be glimpsed from the vantage point that I have. I think that is why I am so invested in partiality and I'm trying to think about that in terms of ecological relations and literary practice–close reading and why that even matters. It just matters partially.